LINEAGES

One Root, Many Branches

the styles of yoga, and where they sit on the path

Vinyasa, hatha, yin, restorative, and the rest: a genealogy that traces each style back to the texts it grew from and shows where it touches the eight limbs

Begin here

Why this page exists

This page is a genealogy. It traces the styles you meet in a studio back through their teachers to the texts they all draw on, and it marks where each one touches the eight limbs.

A first thing worth saying plainly: these styles are not an extra limb. Almost all of them are ways of practicing asana, the third limb, usually leaning on pranayama, the fourth. In the older sense of the word, nearly all of them are hatha yoga, the yoga of the body set down in the roughly fourteenth-to-fifteenth-century Hatha Yoga Pradipika. What separates them is temper: how fast they move, how long they hold, how much heat they build, and which tissue or state of mind they work. I have marked each style on a warm-to-cool spectrum, from the most heating and active to the most cooling and receptive.

There is an older and larger sense of the word worth holding onto. In the premodern sources, as James Mallinson and Mark Singleton note in Roots of Yoga, “in a majority of texts the word yoga more commonly indicates the goal achieved through these practices,” a state to be reached rather than a thing one does. The earliest known definition, in the roughly third-century-BCE Katha Upanishad, names as yoga not a posture at all but the inward stillness this site treats under pratyahara, “the condition in which the senses are held still and one becomes undistracted” (Katha Upanishad 6.11). Read that way, the styles below are less kinds of yoga than ways of moving toward the state the word first named.

Warming, active Cooling, receptive

A second thing, in keeping with how this site handles claims. The styles below are mostly twentieth-century creations, however ancient they feel. Most descend from one man, Tirumalai Krishnamacharya, teaching in a Mysore palace in the 1930s, and the scholarship of Mark Singleton and Elizabeth De Michelis shows how much modern posture practice owes to that recent moment and to the physical culture around it. De Michelis gave the thing a name, Modern Postural Yoga, and took Iyengar Yoga and the Ashtanga Yoga of Pattabhi Jois as its clearest examples, the schools in which posture itself became the center of the practice. She dates the wider movement even more precisely: its seminal text, she argues, is Swami Vivekananda’s 1896 Raja Yoga, calling “the shaping of Modern Yoga, of which Raja Yoga is the seminal text,” his most lasting achievement, and she places the birth of the posture-centred form in 1920s India, where the first schools built it as “a sort of indigenized (and ‘spiritualized’) version of British” physical education. Those datings are her scholarly argument rather than settled fact, and the labels Modern Yoga and Modern Postural Yoga are her own coinages. I name founders and dates so the recent things are not mistaken for the eternal ones, and where a style rests on a mechanism the evidence does not support, I say so.

There is a harder tension underneath the whole tree, and it is worth naming plainly. Many teachers present the physical practice as rooted directly in the Bhagavad Gita, taught as an unbroken line running from Krishna’s counsel straight to the mat. The Gita, though, prescribes no postures. What it teaches is yoga as paths that can be walked: karma yoga, disciplined action performed without attachment to its fruits; bhakti yoga, devotion; and jnana yoga, knowledge, in Barbara Stoler Miller’s reading of it. The postural form most of us practice took much of its present shape in the twentieth century, as the scholarship above shows. So the connection worth drawing is not descent but embodiment. Our physical practice can become a way of living what the primary texts actually teach: holding a shape with steadiness and ease, sthira and sukha in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra 2.46, and acting with full effort while loosening the grip on the outcome, which is the Gita’s disciplined action. Read that way, the Gita and the older texts inform how we practice rather than authoring the postures themselves. The tension is real, between a felt sense of ancient roots and a documented recent history, and this site keeps both in view rather than settling it by pretending the shapes are old.

Contemporary teachers make a kindred point from the activist side rather than the archive. Jacoby Ballard notes that asana, though only one of the eight limbs and developed “more extensively at least partly due to the European influence of gymnastics,” is nonetheless “marketed as if it is the whole of yoga practice.” Rebby Kern names the loss plainly, that “Westerners chose to pick up the physical asana while leaving behind the spiritual principles and tools.” And Sunaina Rangnekar points to who polices the result, arguing that “this able-bodied version of Yoga in the west is maintained at an institutional level through organizations like Yoga Alliance,” and asking who decided they were the authority. These are teacher and activist essays from a reputable nonprofit press rather than peer-reviewed history: the gymnastics point echoes Singleton’s scholarship above, and the rest is offered as critique to weigh rather than as settled fact.

Read the tree from left to right. The three classical source texts sit at the far left; from them each lineage branches rightward, carrying the styles that grew from it. Tap any node, a text, a teacher, or a style, to open its source, its principles, the limbs it reaches toward, and a short example of how a class in that style is shaped.

The genealogy

One tree, read from the left

A caution before you open anything: these are lineages, not inventions. The teacher named inside a style’s story is usually the one who shaped or carried it, not its sole author, and the roots often run centuries deeper than the label. Where a documented source cannot be verified, the note says so.

Moving between these lineages asks for the same honesty. Susanna Barkataki suggests naming where a practice comes from rather than absorbing it as your own: a teacher can begin, in her words, “This is who I am, this is how I learned; I have a lot of respect for the lineage.” She frames the difference between appreciation and appropriation as two things done together, balancing power toward the source culture and practicing ahimsa, non-harm, toward the people who carry it.

  • The classical source texts
    tap a text, a teacher, or a style
Back to the path

Where the branches meet the limbs

Every style above carries a small row called Reaches toward. Those chips are the connection this section is about. A branch is a way of moving the body, and the limbs are the eight-fold path that body practice is meant to open onto. The chips name, for each style, which limbs it leans into most: some reach toward breath, some toward the inward turn of the senses, some toward the divine. Read them together and the tree stops being a list of studios and becomes a map of doorways into one house.

The cool end is a doorway

Look down the cooling end of the spectrum and something becomes clear. The quietest styles are where asana stops being exercise and becomes the next limb. In a long Yin hold or a fully supported Restorative pose, the senses draw inward on their own, and that inward turn is pratyahara. Yoga Nidra is almost pure pratyahara, practiced lying down. Kundalini spends most of its hour in breath and mantra, which are pranayama and the seed of dharana. The active styles have their own thresholds: the steady gaze, the drishti, of Ashtanga is a concentration practice, and the stillness at the end of any strong class is where dhyana can arrive.

The paths run alongside the limbs

The eight limbs are one map of yoga. The Bhagavad Gita draws an older one: not limbs but paths, the margas a life can walk. Karma yoga is the path of selfless action, jnana yoga the path of knowledge, raja yoga the meditative discipline that Patanjali sets out, and bhakti yoga the path of devotion. This page charts posture, so the paths sit underneath the tree rather than on it, but they surface wherever a style leans toward love and surrender rather than only toward the shape of the body. That is why Sivananda, Integral, Kundalini, Anusara, and Jivamukti each reach toward The Divine: they carry a devotional current, the path of bhakti, into a room full of postures. Bhakti, the yoga of devotion, is charted in full on The Divine.

So the styles are doors of different widths into the same house. Some come in through effort and heat, some through stillness and support, some through devotion, but the far rooms are shared: the drawing inward of the senses, the gathering of the mind, and the absorption the whole path is pointed at. Whichever branch you practice on, it is still the one tree, and its highest limbs are the same.

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Questions, corrections, requests

This site is a living resource. If a source deserves a second look, a style is taught differently in your lineage, or there is a branch you would like added, write below. Corrections are welcomed with gratitude.

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